in-der-blabla-Sein
Noen twitret en gammel LRB-snutt av min filosofiske husgud Richard Rorty idag. Den handlet om min filosofiske dartskive, Martin Heidegger.
Rorty tar et oppgjør med ideen om at Heideggers nazisme gjør hans tenkning ubrukelig. På mange måter den samme diskusjonen som vi har i Norge rundt Hamsun. Hva bør vi gjøre når vi konfronterer med et motbydelig liv som har produsert bøker som er viktige?
... I think that we should hold our noses, separate the life from the work, and adopt the same attitude to Heidegger’s books as we have to other people’s. We should test them not against our moral intuitions but against competing books.Rorty argumenterer godt for det i artikkelen, og jeg har selv hatt stor glede av for eksempel Hamsun (til og med av Markens grøde!), til tross for at han var fascist. Hoveddelen av argumentet holder likevel ikke vann, dels fordi han reduserer moralske følelser, som han ellers har skrevet veldig godt om, til "intuisjoner" som om verdiene våre ikke har en sammenheng med våre lesninger av bøker, eller av oppfatningen om Heideggers handlinger under krigen. Men det har jeg en sterk oppfatning av at de har, blant annet fordi jeg har lest en veldig morsom filosof om akkurat det ... hva var det han het igjen? Ah: Richard Rorty.
Midt i går Rorty ut i en lengre litterær ekskurs der han forestiller seg en kontrafaktisk biografi der Heidegger skriver omtrent de samme bøkene, men giftet seg med en jødisk kvinne og oppdaget at antisemittisme egentlig var litt problematisk. Det er et godt argument, men all things being equal er det slett ikke sikkert at Heidegger hadde produsert de samme bøkene. Det burde en pragmatisk relativist som Rorty forstått. Og Rorty får også pepper i leserbrevene som følger artikkelen:
There is no simple answer to the question of whether Heidegger’s (or anyone else’s) work should be judged independently of his moral character and political actions. Richard Rorty, in any case, fails to convince by adducing a ‘possible worlds’ argument of a sort which is currently as fashionable amongst philosophers as ‘ordinary language analysis’ used to be (LRB, 8 February). The trouble with Rorty’s imaginary biography of Heidegger is that it sets no limits on the relevance of chance and contingency, and hence no limits (except the narrative imagination of the philosopher) on the role of ‘what might have been’ in understanding and judging what actually happened. Since Rorty appears not to want to privilege the actual over the possible, and given that the only available ‘data’ consist in Heidegger’s actions in the actual world, there is no way in which he can render plausible any of ‘Heidegger’s’ actions in a possible world. Why would ‘Heidegger’, in Rorty’s story, have been more likely to ‘leave his native mountains’ for the sake of ‘Sarah’, than to have divorced her and left her to her fate under the Nazis? Why would he be more likely to make circumstances into moral resources, rather than occasions for opportunism, in Rorty’s possible world than in the actual world? Rorty would have to say that chance (or authorial whim) is the arbiter here, too. So his story has no bearing on our judgments on the actual, historical, Nazi-supporting Heidegger.Det er helt riktig som sies her — likevel er det kimen til et morsomt argument hos Rorty om å etterstrebe å vurdere ideer uavhengig av opphavet, som totalt undergraves av resten av Rortys livsverk. Jeg tror han liker Heidegger litt for godt. "He smells right", for å sitere hva Rorty selv skriver i artikkelen.
Rorty avslutter med å skrive:
In both worlds, the only link between Heidegger’s politics and his books is the contempt for democracy he shared with, for example, Eliot, Waugh and Paul Claudel – people whom, as Auden predicted, we have long since pardoned for writing well. We could as easily have pardoned Heidegger his contempt for democracy, if that had been all. But in the world without Sarah [Heideggers fiktive, jødiske kone, red.], the world in which Heidegger had the bad luck to live, it was not all.Diktet av Auden han siterer er "In Memory Of W.B. Yeats". Her er det ofte siterte sitatet (sist jeg hørte det var da Hitchens døde. Noen sa: "writing well while being wrong earns you a pardon, not a garland"):
Time that is intolerant
Of the brave and the innocent,
And indifferent in a week
To a beautiful physique,
Worships language and forgives
Everyone by whom it lives;
Pardons cowardice, conceit,
Lays its honours at their feet.
Time that with this strange excuseMen helt ærlig: Heidegger skrev som en brukket arm. Dette er bokstavelig talt bare et sitat jeg plukket tilfeldig ned fra en pdf på nettet:
Pardoned Kipling and his views,
And will pardon Paul Claudel,
Pardons him for writing well.
[B]ecause Dasein is in each case essentially its own possibility, it can, in its very Being, ‘choose’ itself and win itself; it can also lose itself and never win itself; or only ‘seem’ to do so. But only insofar as it is essentially something which can be authentic – that is, something of its own – can it have lost itself and not yet won itself. As modes of Being, authenticity and inauthenticity . . . are both grounded in the fact that any Dasein whatsoever is characterized by mineness.Så Dasein så! Selv om jeg en gang ble hugget ned av literatiene på Facebook for å si at Heidegger ga meg eksem, kommer jeg nok ikke til å tilgi Heidegger for å skrive godt. Det er som å rose ham for ikke å være nazist, hvilket han jo var. Det jeg prøver å si, er: Les Rortys essay.
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